Michael, R.B., Breaux, B.O. The relationship between political affiliation and beliefs about sources of "fake news". Cogn. Research 6, 6 (2021).
doi.org/10.1186/s41235-021-00278-1.
We asked subjects to rate how familiar they were with each news source-presented in alphabetical order-on a scale from 1 (Not at all familiar) to 5 (Very familiar). This rating task followed immediately after the phase in which subjects provided real news, fake news, and propaganda ratings for the news sources.
Subjects then completed a Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) as a measure of analytic thinking (Frederick 2005). This test comprises 3 questions that tend to elicit different answers when thinking relatively effortlessly versus effortfully. For example, one question asks: "A bat and a ball cost $1.10. The bat costs $1.00 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost?"
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The results are consistent with an explanation in which people's political motivations influence their reasoning strategies. Put another way, people's beliefs regarding the news might reflect a desirability bias. These findings are potentially worrying. If people's beliefs about the credibility of news sources are determined in part by political affiliation, then unwarranted labeling of reputable news agencies as fake news by political groups could exacerbate media distrust among that group's constituents.
We also found that conservatives viewed our list of news agencies, on average, more as sources of fake news and propaganda than liberals. That finding fits with prior work showing a general distrust of news media among conservatives.