Superglue sets in the absence of oxygen..... a drop on the bench won't set for ages, but put your finger on that drop on the bench and hey presto! Instant bond.
So the grains in the powder get all stuck together as all those little things touching each other makes it set.
Many powders would do the same - bulk up and also as a bonus make it set.
Some smartarse called it Rapidfix and sold it at ridiculous prices in auto stores a few years back..... some youchoober just figured it out

Anyway I feel for you olskool- the fin repair that is
halfway between just sand it out, and a proper building up with glass and strong filler, is a hard one. The repairs at either end of the spectrum are much easier than the inbetweeny one
Small amounts of filler fall out too easily.
Lately I've been removing more of the fin first, putting a few layers of glass on as a "rib"then a mega hard filler like JB Weld on both sides of the glass.
I can see for the in beteweeny repair, the superglue on may work well as superglue will soak in to the split laminate well with capillary action and thus key into the fin well, and the filler you made will be nice n hard