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CJW said..
I'm actually interested in what conditions they reckon the soft sail was actually faster on USA-17, I'm thinking it could only have been super marginal conditions such as
Even Moths' are encountering this issue now, the top guys now are running insane vang loads with ~50:1 purchase ratios, this is all in the name of rig control and efficiency right? I completely agree though that a wing sail on a moth is a ridiculous notion as it just introduces cost and complexity issues that are stupid for marginal gains.
Like I said I'd be very surprised if this particular design takes off as I don't see that any advantage outweighs the complexity and at the performance end of the scale the size range is too limited; maybe in the speed sailing world? Is it also that far removed from the top end race sails of today with their huge luff pockets (NP:Evo, Severne Reflex etal), sure slightly more rigid foil but is it any more efficient?
You're quite right about the structural issues, which as Tom Speer says, is the main reason why USA 17 went for the solid wingsail. But reading what experts like Speer say indicates that there's not really any reason why soft sails are only faster in super marginal conditions.
For example, Mark Drela has noted how adjustable good soft sails are, compared to wingsails; "Sails are wings in that they must provide lift with a minimum of drag, but
their design and operation is much more complicated. There are many constraints, the major one being a maximum heeling moment the sail can be allowed to generate (analogous to limiting the root bending moment on a glider). Exceed this and the boat falls over. This is mainly what limits the sail's aspect ratio. ""On an America's Cup boat (NOTE - THIS IS AN OLD QUOTE AND HE WAS REFERRING TO SOFT-SAILED MONO AC BOATS), each sail's shape can be altered considerably in many different ways by pulling on control ropes. Angle, twist, camber magnitude, camber distribution, are continually adjusted for each sail by a dedicated crew member.
Makes a glider's trim flap look kinda trivial." ((My emphasis)
As Speer says on the same subject "
A soft sail allows the possibility of changing the camber of a thin airfoil, which can greatly extend the low-drag range if done appropriately. So a thin airfoil which always has the appropriate camber shape dialed in at any given operating point will in general be superior to a thick airfoil." (my emphasis)Professor Drela (who, by the way, is a hands on guy who has been aboard his own designs when they broke world records) says things such as
"Thin airfoils are capable of the highest CL and CL/CD values,.....The airfoil has attached flow only in the range alpha = 11-15, or CL = 2.65 - 3.05 , in which the L/D is phenomenal" although he does note that this is within a narrow range of angles of attack. (my emphasis)
As Speer notes, the actual thickness of a wingsail is not always an advantage, and of course it comes with other issues like extra weight (which causes pitching);
"The notion that because aircraft wings are very efficient and have thick sections, while sails have thin sections and generally lower lift/drag ratios, and therefore a thick sectioned sail will aerodynamically superior to a sail rig with a thin section simply because it is thick, is a mistaken idea. Airplanes have thick sections because they are structurally stronger and because they have to operate efficiently at low lift coefficients in cruise. This is generally not the case for most sailing craft, except for very high-speed craft like landyachts and iceboats." My emphasis. Note that the high-end landyachts and iceboats he normally refers to are capable of much higher speed than windsurfers,
So leading minds in the area have told us time and time and time again that there is no intrinsic reason why wingsails are faster.