From the theory, they help at high angle of attacks, pre- and post- stalling.
Basically, they kind of delay flow separation along the bumps, but triggering it early between them. And for some conditions it is better to have 50% of the foil keeping a well-locked laminar flow by "sacrificing" the other 50% rather than have the whole wing stall. But they add drag in normal conditions (everything is a compromise).
I would guess that their usefulness depends on your style of riding. e.g. if you are pushing your wings near stalling conditions a lot of time by hard turns, tricks, etc... and the way the rest of the foil is designed. I will be very interesting to see the feedback of riders on when they seem the most useful. And I can see it being useful on the other side of the spectrum for beginners, that are often at too slow speed, especially when learning how to pump.
Interesting!
The Wikipedia page is quite complete:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_effect